Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Bava Batra 6:4

הַמּוֹכֵר מָקוֹם לַחֲבֵרוֹ לִבְנוֹת לוֹ בַיִת, וְכֵן הַמְקַבֵּל מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לִבְנוֹת לוֹ בֵית חַתְנוּת לִבְנוֹ וּבֵית אַלְמְנוּת לְבִתּוֹ, בּוֹנֶה אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַל שֵׁשׁ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, רֶפֶת בָּקָר הוּא זֶה. הָרוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת רֶפֶת בָּקָר, בּוֹנֶה אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַל שֵׁשׁ. בַּיִת קָטָן, שֵׁשׁ עַל שְׁמֹנֶה. גָדוֹל, שְׁמֹנֶה עַל עֶשֶׂר. טְרַקְלִין, עֶשֶׂר עַל עֶשֶׂר. רוּמוֹ כַּחֲצִי אָרְכּוֹ וְכַחֲצִי רָחְבּוֹ. רְאָיָה לַדָּבָר, הֵיכָל. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, הַכֹּל כְּבִנְיַן הֵיכָל:

Si quelqu'un vend une place à son voisin pour lui construire une maison; de même, celui qui est chargé par son voisin de construire une «maison de mariage» pour son fils, [il est de coutume de construire une maison pour son fils quand il se marie], ou une «maison de veuvage» pour sa fille, [lorsque son mari meurt et elle retourne dans la maison de son père. Mais du vivant de son mari, elle est avec son mari, il n'est pas de coutume pour un homme de vivre avec ses beaux-parents], il construit (au moins) quatre sur six coudées. Ce sont les paroles de R. Akiva. R. Yishmael dit: Ceci est une étable! [c'est-à-dire qu'il doit le construire plus grand.] Si l'on veut faire une étable, il construit quatre coudées sur six. Une petite maison fait six par huit. [La plus petite des maisons est de six sur huit, et si l'on vend une place à son voisin pour lui construire une maison, la maison doit être (au moins) six sur huit.] [S'il a précisé] "une grande maison", (il doit être (au moins) huit par dix. Une «maison d'État», dix par dix. Sa hauteur doit être (la somme de) la moitié de sa longueur et la moitié de sa largeur. [Cela fait référence à tout ce qui précède, à savoir .: Pour une petite maison, la hauteur est de sept coudées; pour une grande maison, neuf; et pour une "maison d'état", dix.] Confirmation de ceci— le sanctuaire (du Temple), (qui avait quarante de longueur, vingt de largeur et trente de hauteur —la moitié de la somme de la longueur et de la largeur.) R. Shimon b. Gamliel dit: Tout selon la structure du sanctuaire. [Certains comprennent que cela signifie: c'est R. Shimon b. Gamliel qui a enseigné: "Sa hauteur doit être… Confirmation de cela, etc." D'autres le comprennent comme R. Shimon b. Gamliel différant avec le premier tanna, exprimant l'émerveillement, à savoir: "Est-ce que tout doit être construit selon la structure du sanctuaire!" Le critère est plutôt «la coutume de la terre»].

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

בית חתנות לבנו – for it is way of a person to make a house for his son when he gets married to a woman.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra

If a man sold his fellow a place to build him a house, so, too, if a man contracted with his fellow to build him a bridal-house for his son, or a widow’s house for his daughter, he must build it four cubits by six cubits (80 inches x 120, according to Rabbi Akiva.
Rabbi Yishmael says: “This is a cattle-shed”. He who wants to build a cattle-shed, should build it four cubits by six. A small house six by eight (120 x 160). A large house eight by ten (160 x 200). An eating hall ten by ten (200 x 200).
The height should be [the sum] of half its length and half its breadth. Proof of the matter is the sanctuary. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says: “Should all [houses] be according to the building of the Sanctuary?”

Mishnah four discusses rules concerning the building of houses.
According to Rabbi Akiva (section one) a normal sized house is four cubits by six cubits. Hence, if one bought a plot for a house the seller must provide the buyer with a plot large enough to build on it such a sized house. Furthermore, if one contracted another person to build a house for his newly wedded son or widowed daughter who is returning to live with her father after the death of her husband, the builder must build a house four by six cubits.
Rabbi Yishmael says that a house this size is the size of a cattle-herd. Rabbi Yishmael then lists the sizes of houses. If a person, for instance, contracted another to build him a large house, then he must build one eight by ten cubits.
With regards to the height, the mishnah says that it must be the sum of half the width and half the length. A large house would be nine cubits high. The proof is the sanctuary that stood in the Temple in Jerusalem. According to I Kings 6:2, 17, the Sanctuary was 40 cubits long, 20 wide and 30 high. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel disagrees with using the Sanctuary as a precedent for normal houses. Assumedly Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel would hold that a house should be as high as normal houses are in the area in which the house is built.
Note how small the houses are that are described in the mishnah. In ancient Israel the house was probably only used for sleeping and maybe eating when the weather did not permit eating outside. People owned very few possessions and therefore didn’t have need for much storage. Furthermore, there courtyards served as workplaces to do things such as cook and clean. Therefore there “houses” were the size of small rooms in modern American homes. On your next visit to Israel, if you visit an archaeological site notice the size of the homes and tell your tour guide about this mishnah!
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

בית אלמנות לבתו – when her husband dies and she returns to the house of her father, but during the life of her husband, she is with her husband, for it is not the way for the a groom to live with his father-in-law.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

רפת בקר הוא זה – he would need to make it much bigger.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

בית קטן – the least of these houses is six [cubits] by eight [cubits]. But a person who sells his friend a place, undefined to make for himself a house, it must be six [cubits] by eight [cubits].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

גדול – and if he specified to make for him a large house.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

טרקלין – it is made for the seating of princes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

רומו כחצי ארכו וכחצי רחבו – it refers to all of them, meaning for a small house, its height is seven [cubits] and for a large house, nine [cubits] and for a reception room, ten [cubits].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

ראיה לדבר היכל – that its length was forty [cubits] and its width twenty [cubits] and its height thirty [cubits], which are one-half its length and width (see First Kings, Chapter 6, verses 2 and 17 for a description of the First Temple and Tractate Middot, Chapter 4, Mishnayot 6-7 for a description of the Second Temple).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra

הכל כבנין היכל – There is one who say that what is taught in the Mishnah above that its height should be [the sum of] half of its length and half of its width (see also Tractate Eruvin, Chapter 6, Mishnah 6). The proof of the matter is the Sanctuary/Temple. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel taught it as Rabbi Shimon ben Gamaliel states: הכל כבנין היכל/Everything should be in accord with the building of the Sanctuary/Temple. But there is one who says that Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel disputes with the first Tanna/teacher [of the Mishnah] and expresses astonishment in asking: “Should everything be in accordance with the Sanctuary/Temple?” The matter is not dependent upon anything but the custom of the country.
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